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Civil-Military Relations posted by member150_php on 2/11/2009

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Spring 2003

A U.S. Army soldier greets local Muslim shoppers as he hands out voter registration leaflets at the market place in Tojsici, Bosnia and Herzegovina, 1997. (Photo by Sgt. Angel Clemons, U.S. Army. Image courtesy of the U.S. Department of Defense.)

Course Highlights

This course features an extensive reading list.

Course Description

This course centers on mechanisms of civilian control of the military. Relying on the influential texts of Lasswell, Huntington, and Finer, the first classes clarify the basic tensions between the military and civilians. A wide-ranging series of case studies follows. These cases are chosen to create a field of variation that includes states with stable civilian rule, states with stable military influence, and states exhibiting fluctuations between military and civilian control. The final three weeks of the course are devoted to the broader relationship between military and society.

Syllabus

Course Overview

The course centers on mechanisms of civilian control of the military. Relying on the influential texts of Lasswell, Huntington, and Finer, the first classes clarify the basic tensions between the military and civilians. A wide-ranging series of case studies follows. These cases are chosen to create a field of variation that includes states with stable civilian rule, states with stable military influence, and states exhibiting fluctuations between military and civilian control. The final three weeks of the course are devoted to the broader relationship between military and society.

Requirements

As the course is a seminar, class attendance and participation are critical.
The major requirement is a comparative research paper (20-30 pages long). In this paper, students must systematically compare civilian control mechanisms (or their absence) across at least two countries. Other projects are subject to approval by the instructor.
Students will also be required to make oral presentations and to write short position papers.

Grading

The research paper will account for half of the grade. Class participation and short assignments will each account for a quarter of the grade.

Calendar

Lec #	Topics
1	Introductory Class
2	General Issues I
3	General Issues II
Cases
4	The United States
5	The Soviet Union I The Case of the Great Purge
6	The Soviet Union II - Transition, Attempted Coup, and the Post-Soviet Military
7	Latin America I
8	Latin America II
9	Turkey and Pakistan
10	Japan (Prof. Richard Samuels to lead the class)
11	Africa
12	The Military in Multiethnic States
13	The Military and Social Change I
14	The Military and Social Change II

Readings

Readings are also listed by session.

Texts Available for Purchase

Desch, Michael. Civilian Control of the Military: The Changing Security Environment. Baltimore, MD: John Hopkins University Press, 1999. ISBN: 9780801860591.

Cohen, Eliot. Supreme Command: Soldiers, Statesmen, and Leadership in Wartime. New York, NY: Free Press, 2002. ISBN: 9780743230490.

Feaver, Peter, and Richard H. Kohn. Soldiers and Civilians: The Civil-Military Gap and American National Security. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2001. ISBN: 9780262561426.

Stepan, Alfred. Rethinking Military Politics: Brazil and the Southern Cone. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1988. ISBN: 9780691022741.

Hunter, Wendy. Eroding Military Influence in Brazil: Politicians Against Soldiers. Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press, 1997. ISBN: 9780807846209.

Katzenstein, Peter. Cultural Norms and National Security. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1996. ISBN: 9780801432606.

Readings by Session

Course Readings
Lec #	Topics	Readings
1	Introductory Class
2	General Issues I	Desch, Michael. Civilian Control of the Military: The Changing Security Environment. Baltimore, MD: John Hopkins University Press, 1999. ISBN: 9780801860591. Lasswell, Harold. "The Garrison State." The American Journal of Sociology 46 (1941): 455-468. ———. "The Garrison-State Hypothesis Today." In Changing Patterns of Military Politics. Edited by Samuel Huntington. New York, NY: Free Press of Glencoe, 1962, pp. 51-70. Friedburg, Aaron. "Why Didn't the United States Become a Garrison State?" International Security 16, no. 4 (1992): 109-137.
3	General Issues II	Huntington, Samuel. The Soldier and the State. New York, NY: Vintage Books, 2007, chapters 1-3, pp. 7-79. ISBN: 9780674817364. ———. "Reforming Civil-Military Relations." In Civil-Military Relations and Democracy. Edited by Lary Diamond, and Marc Plattner. Baltimore, MD: John Hopkins University Press, 1996, pp. 3-11. ISBN: 9780801855368. Finer, S. E. The Man on Horseback: The Role of the Military in Politics. 2nd, enlarged ed., rev., and updated. Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1988, chapter 13, pp. 223-297. ISBN: 9780813305769. Cohen, Eliot. Supreme Command: Solidiers, Statesmen, and Leadership in Wartime. New York, NY: Free Press, 2002. ISBN: 0743230493. (Selected chapters) Feaver, Peter. "The Civil-Military Problematique: Huntington, Janowitz, and the Question of Civilian Control." Armed Forces and Society 23 (Winter 1996): 149-178.
Cases
4	The United States	Feaver, Peter, and Richard H. Kohn. Soldiers and Civilians: The Civil-Military Gap and American National Security. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2001, introduction, chapters 1, 2, 5, 8, and 13. ISBN: 9780262561426.
5	The Soviet Union I The Case of the Great Purge	The Soviet Union I Kolkowicz, Roman. "Toward a Theory of Civil-Military Relations in Communist (Hegemonial) Systems." In Soldiers, Peasants, Bureaucrats. London, UK: Allen and Unwin, 1982, pp. 231-251. ISBN: 9780043220078. ———. The Soviet Military and the Communist Party. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1967, chapters 2, 4, and 10, pp. 11-35, 81-98, and 322-349. Colton, Timothy. Commissars, Commanders, and Civilian Authority: The Structure of Soviet Military Politics. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1979, chapters 10-12, pp. 221-289. ISBN: 9780674145351. The Case of the Great Purge Reese, Roger. "The Red Army and the Great Purges." In Stalinist Terror: New Perspectives. Edited by J. Arch Getty, and Roberta T. Manning. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1993. ISBN: 9780521446709. Watt, Donald. "Who Plotted Against Whom? Stalin's Purge of the Soviet High Command Revisited." Soviet Military Studies 3, no. 1: 46-65. Main, Steven. "The Red Army and the Soviet Military and Political Leadership in the Late 1920's: The Case of the 'Inner-Army Opposition of 1928." Europe-Asia Studies 47 (March 1995): 337-355.
6	The Soviet Union II - Transition, Attempted Coup, and the Post-Soviet Military	Meyer, Stephen. "How the Threat (and the coup) Collapsed: The Politicization of the Soviet Military." International Security 16, no. 3 (Winter 1991/92): 5-38. Holloway, David. "State, Society, and the Military under Gorbachev" International Security 14, no. 3 (Winter 1989/90): 5-24. Mendeloff, David. "Explaining Russian Military Quiescence: The 'Paradox of Disintegration' and the Myth of a Military Coup." Communist and Post-Communist Studies 27, no. 3 (1994): 225-246. Lepingwell, John. "Soviet Civil-Military Relations and the August Coup." World Politics 44 (1992): 539-72. ———. "The Russian Military in the 1990's: Disintegration or Renewal?" In Russia's Future: Consolidation or Disintegration? Edited by Douglas W. Blum. Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1994. ISBN: 9780813322025. Blank, Stephen. "The Great Exception: Russian Civil-Military Relations." World Affairs 165 (2002): 91-105.
7	Latin America I	Sigmund, Paul. "Approaches to the Study of the Military in Latin America." Comparative Politics 26 (1993): 111-122. Rouquie, Alain. "Demilitarization and the Institutionalization of Military-dominated Polities in Latin America." In Transitions from Authoritarian Rule: Prospects for Democracy. Edited by Guillermo O'Donnell, Phillippe C. Schmitter, and Lawrence Whitehead. Baltimore, MD: John Hopkins University Press, 1986. ISBN: 9780801826849. Stepan, Alfred. Rethinking Military Politics: Brazil and the Southern Cone. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1988. ISBN: 9780691022741. Loveman, Brian, and Thomas Davies, Jr., eds. "Instability, Violence, and the Age of the Caudillos." In The Politics of Anti-Politics: The Military in Latin America. Wilmington, DE: Scholarly Resources, 1997, pp. 15-28. ISBN: 9780842026116.
8	Latin America II	Loveman, Brian, and Thomas Davies, Jr., eds. "Protected Democracies: Antipolitics and the Political Transitions in Latin America." In The Politics of Anti-Politics: The Military in Latin America. Wilmington, DE: Scholarly Resources, 1997, pp. 366-423. ISBN: 9780842026116. Valenzuela, Samuel. "Democratic Consolidation in Post-Transitional Settings: Notion, Process, and Facilitating Conditions." In Issues in Democratic Consolidation: The New South American Democracies in Comparative Perspective. Edited by Scott Mainwaring, et al. South Bend, IN: University of Notre Dame Press, 1992, pp. 57-104. ISBN: 9780268012113. Hunter, Wendy. Eroding Military Influence in Brazil: Politicians Against Soldiers. Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press, 1997. ISBN: 9780807846209.
9	Turkey and Pakistan	Rustow, Dankwart. "The Army and the Founding of the Turkish Republic." World Politics 11 (1959): 511-552. Rizvi, Hasan-Askari. "The Military and Politics in Pakistan." Journal of Asian and African Studies 26 (1991): 27-42. Heper, Metin, and Aylin Guney. "The Military and Democracy in the Third Turkish Republic." Armed Forces and Society 22 (1996): 619-642. Sakallioglu, Umit Cizre. "The Anatomy of the Turkish Military's Political Autonomy." Comparative Politics (1997): 151-166. Cohen, Stephen. The Pakistan Army. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1984, chapters 2, and 5. ISBN: 9780520049826.
10	Japan (Prof. Richard Samuels to lead the class)	Katzenstein, Peter. Cultural Norms and National Security. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1996. ISBN: 9780801432606. Watanabe, Tsuneo. "The Bankruptcy of Civil-Military Relations in Japan." NIRA Review (Summer 1996). Berger, Thomas. "From Sword to Chrysanthemum: Japan's Culture of Anti-Militarism." International Security 17, no. 4.
11	Africa	Jackman, Robert, Rosemary O'Kane, Thomas Johnson, Pat McGowan, and Robert Slater. "Explaining African Coup d'Etat." American Political Science Review 80 (1986): 225-250.
12	The Military in Multiethnic States	Enloe, Cynthia. Ethnic Soldiers. Athens, GA: University of Georgia Press, 1982, chapters 1, 5, and 6. ISBN: 9780820305073. Horowitz, Donald. Ethnic Groups in Conflict. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1985, chapters 11, 12, and 13. ISBN: 9780520053854. Petersen, Roger. "The Organization of the Military in Multiethnic States." (Unpublished manuscript) Peled, Alon. A Question of Loyalty: Military Manpower Policy in Multiethnic States. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1998, preface, and chapter 1. ISBN: 9780801432392.
13	The Military and Social Change I	Janowitz, Morris. "Military Service as Civic Education." Chapter 3 in The Reconstruction of Patriotism. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 1985, pp. 43-72. ISBN: 9780226393056. van Doorn, Jacques. "The Decline of the Mass Army." Chapter 3 in The Soldier and Social Change. London: Sage Publications, 1976, pp. 51-64. ISBN: 9780803999480. Cohen, Eliot. Citizens and Soldiers: The Dilemmas of Military Service. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1985, chapters 5-9, pp. 117-189. ISBN: 9780801415814.
14	The Military and Social Change II	Goldstein, Joshua. War and Gender: How Gender Shapes the War System and Vice Versa. Cambridge, MA: Cambridge University Press, 2001, introduction, chapters 1, and 7. ISBN: 9780521807166. Moskos, Charles, John Allen Williams, and David Segal. The Postmodern Military: Armed Forces after the Cold War. New York, NY: Oxford University Press, 1999, chapters 1, 2, and 14. ISBN: 9780195133295. Miller, Laura, and John Allen Williams. "Do Military Policies on Gender and Sexuality Undermine Combat Effectiveness?" In Soldiers and Civilians: The Civil-Military Gap and American National Security. Edited by Peter Feaver, and Richard H. Kohn. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2001, pp. 361-402. ISBN: 9780262561426.