Sustainable Development: Theory, Research and Poli

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Sustainable Development: Theory, Research and Policy

Spring 2004

Every morning and evening, women from the village walk hundreds of meters to the well to bring back drinking water for their families. Water for cooking and drinking is stored in matkas, which were originally terracotta jars, as pictured in the background. Steel matkas, as the one the girl is carrying, are also commonly used these days. Photo taken on a farm outside Jodhpur, Rajasthan, India. (Photo courtesy of Shreyans Bhansali [thebigdurian].)

Course Highlights

This course features lecture notes and the mid-term in the exams section.

Course Description

This course examines alternative conceptions and theoretical underpinnings of the notion of "sustainable development." It focuses on the sustainability problems of industrial countries (i.e., aging of populations, sustainable consumption, institutional adjustments, etc.); and of developing states and economies in transition (i.e., managing growth, sustainability of production patterns, pressures of population change, etc.). It also explores the sociology of knowledge around sustainability, the economic and technological dimensions and institutional imperatives along with implications for political constitution of economic performance.

Syllabus

Overview

17.181 fulfills the undergraduate public policy requirement in the major and minor. Graduate students are expected to explore the subject in greater depth through reading and individual research (17.182).

Required Books

Choucri, Nazli. Global Accord: Environmental Challenges and International Responses. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1995. ISBN: 9780262531344.

Becker, Egon, and Thomas Jahn, eds. Sustainability and the Social Sciences: A Cross-Disciplinary Approach to Integrating Environmental Considerations into Theoretical Reorientation. London, UK: Zed Books, 2000. ISBN: 9781856497084.

Stavins, Robert N. Economics of the Environment. 4th ed. New York, NY: W.W. Norton and Company, 2000. ISBN: 9780393975239.

Tainter, Joseph A. The Collapse of Complex Societies. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press, 1988. ISBN: 9780521340922.

Web Site on Sustainable Development

Global System for Sustainable Development

Calendar

WEEK #	TOPICS
Part I. Content and Context
1	Introduction: Debates, Definitions and Dilemmas
2	Evolving Conceptions - Causes and Consequences
3	Sustainability as a 'Knowledge Domain'
4	New Thinking and the Knowledge Economy
Part II. Actors, Processes and Institutions
5	Critical Drivers, Social Mechanisms and Cognitive Factors
6	Economic Performance - Production and Consumption
7	Firms and Markets - Corporate Perspectives
8	From Sustainability 'Problems' to 'Solution' Strategies
9	Regulatory and Policy Contexts
Part III. Strategic Approaches to Sustainability
10	New International Institutional Contexts
11	International Trade and Intellectual Property Rights
12	Global Accord - Next Rounds

Readings

Readings are also listed by session.

Recommended Books

Allenby, Braden R. Industrial Ecology: Policy Framework and Implementation. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1998. ISBN: 9780139211805.

Barzel, Yoram. Economic Analysis of Property Rights. 2nd ed. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1989. ISBN: 9780521364096.

Costanza, Robert, ed. Ecological Economics: The Science and Management of Sustainability. New York, NY: Columbia University Press, 1991. ISBN: 9780231075626.

Elkins, Paul, Mayer Hillman, and Robert Hutchison. The Gaia Atlas of Green Economics. New York, NY: Anchor Books, 1992. ISBN: 9780385419147.

Harvard Law Review, eds. Trends in International Environmental Law. Chicago, IL: American Bar Association, 1992. ISBN: 9780897077538.

International Council of Scientific Unions. An Agenda of Science for Environment and Development into the 21st Century. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1992.

Kingsley, David, Mikhail S. Bernstam, and Helen M. Sellers, eds. Population and Resources in a Changing World. Stanford, CA: Stanford University, Morrison Institute for Population and Resource Studies, 1989.

Lang, Winfried, ed. Sustainable Development and International Law. New York, NY: Springer, 1995. ISBN: 9781859661796.

Lofdahl, Corey L. Environmental Impacts of Globalization and Trade: A Systems Study. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2002. ISBN: 9780262122450.

Munasinghe, Mohan, and Walter Shearer, eds. Defining and Measuring Sustainability: The Biogeophysical Foundations. Washington, DC: The World Bank, 1995. ISBN: 9780821331347.

Neef, Dale, ed. The Knowledge Economy. Oxford, UK: Butterworth-Heinemann, 1997. ISBN: 9780750699365.

Ostrom, Elinor. Governing the Commons: The Evolution of Institutions for Collective Action. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press, 1990. ISBN: 9780521371018.

Ostrom, Elinor, Larry Schroeder, and Susan Wynne. Institutional Incentives and Sustainable Development. Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1993. ISBN: 9780813316185.

Tester, Jefferson W., et al., eds. Sustainable Energy: Choosing Among Options. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2005. ISBN: 9780262201537.

Tietenberg, Tom, and Henk Folmers, eds. The International Yearbook of Environmental and Resource Economics 2002/2003. Northampton, MA: Edward Elgar, 2003.

Turner, R. Kerry, ed. Sustainable Environmental Economics and Management: Principles and Practice. New York, NY: Halsted Press, 1993. ISBN: 9780470221631.

Readings by Session

Week #	TOPICS	READINGS
Part I. Content and Context
1	Introduction: Debates, Definitions and Dilemmas	Required Reading Solow, Robert M. "Sustainability: An Economist's Perspective." Chapter 26 in Economics of the Environment. 5th ed. Edited by Robert N. Stavins. New York, NY: W.W. Norton & Company, 2005. ISBN: 9780393927016. Hardin, Garrett. "The Tragedy of the Commons." Chapter 2 in Economics of the Environment. 5th ed. Edited by Robert N. Stavins. New York, NY: W.W. Norton & Company, 2005. ISBN: 9780393927016. Becker, Egon, Thomas Jahn, and Immanuel Stiess. "Exploring Uncommon Ground: Sustainability and the Social Sciences." Chapter 1 in Sustainability and the Social Sciences: A Cross-Disciplinary Approach to Integrating Environmental Considerations into Theoretical Reorientation. Edited by Egon Becker and Thomas Jahn. London, UK: Zed Books, 2000. ISBN: 9781856497084. Solow, Robert M. "The Economics of Resources or the Resources of Economics." American Economic Review 64, no. 2 (1974): 1-14. Related Reading Holdren, John P., Gretchen C. Daily, and Paul R. Ehrlich. "The Meaning of Sustainability: Biogeophysical Aspects." In Defining and Measuring Sustainability: The Biogeophysical Foundations. Edited by Mohan Munasinghe and Walter Shearer. Washington, DC: The World Bank, 1995, pp. 3-17. ISBN: 9780821331347. Goodland, Robert, and George Ledec. "Neoclassical Economics and Principles of Sustainable Development." Ecological Modeling 38 (1987): 19-46. Pezzey, John. "Economic Analysis of Sustainable Growth and Sustainable Development." Environmental Department Working Paper No. 15. Washington, DC: World Bank, 1989, pp. 8 and 11. Elkins, Paul, Mayer Hillman, and Robert Hutchison. The Gaia Atlas of Green Economics. New York, NY: Anchor Books, 1992. ISBN: 9780385419147. Essential Reading Tainter, Joseph A. The Collapse of Complex Societies. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1988, chapter 1. ISBN: 9780521340922.
2	Evolving Conceptions - Causes and Consequences	Required Reading Choucri, Nazli, ed. "Introduction: Theoretical, Empirical, and Policy Perspectives." In Global Accord: Environmental Challenges and International Responses. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1995, pp. 1-40. ISBN: 9780262531344. Reboratti, Carlos E. "Territory, Scale and Sustainable Development." Chapter 11 in Sustainability and the Social Sciences: A Cross-Disciplinary Approach to Integrating Environmental Considerations into Theoretical Reorientation. Edited by Egon Becker and Thomas Jahn. London, UK: Zed Books, 2000. ISBN: 9781856497084. Pezzey, John C. V., and Michael A. Toman. "Progress and Problems in the Economics of Sustainability." Chapter 4 in The International Yearbook of Environmental and Resource Economics. Edited by Tom Tietenberg and Henk Folmers. Northampton, MA: Edward Elgar, 2002/2003. ISBN: 9781840649499. Related Reading Hardin, Garrett. "Paramount Positions in Ecological Economics." In Ecological Economics: The Science and Management of Sustainability. Edited by Robert Costanza. New York, NY: Columbia University Press, 1991, pp. 47-57. ISBN: 9780231075626. Fullerton, Don, and Robert N. Stavins. "How Economists See the Environment." Chapter 1 in Economics of the Environment. 5th ed. Edited by Robert N. Stavins. New York, NY: W.W. Norton & Company, 2005. ISBN: 9780393927016. Andreae, Meinrat O., and Robert E. Dickinson. "Sustainability and the Changing Atmosphere: Assessing Changes in Chemical and Physical Climate." In Defining and Measuring Sustainability: The Biogeophysical Foundations. Edited by Mohan Munasinghe and Walter Shearer. Washington, DC: The World Bank, 1995, pp. 117-136. ISBN: 9780821331347. Essential Reading Tainter, Joseph A. The Collapse of Complex Societies. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1988, chapter 2. ISBN: 9780521340922.
3	Sustainability as a 'Knowledge Domain'	Required Reading Choucri, Nazli, and Robert C. North. "Growth, Development, and Environmental Sustainability: Profile and Paradox." In Global Accord: Environmental Challenges and International Responses. Edited by Nazli Choucri. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1995, pp. 67-132. ISBN: 9780262531344. Allenby, Braden R. Industrial Ecology: Policy Framework and Implementation. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1998, chapter 3. ISBN: 9780139211805. Christensen, Paul. "Driving Forces, Increasing Returns and Ecological Sustainability." In Ecological Economics: The Science and Management of Sustainability. Edited by Robert Costanza. New York, NY: Columbia University Press, 1991, pp. 75-87. ISBN: 9780231075626. Holling, C. S. "Sustainability: The Cross-Scale Dimension." In Defining and Measuring Sustainability: The Biogeophysical Foundations. Edited by Mohan Munasinghe and Walter Shearer. Washington, DC: The World Bank, 1995, pp. 65-75. ISBN: 9780821331347. Simpson, R. David. "Economic Analysis and Ecosystems: Some Concepts and Issues." Chapter 25 in Economics of the Environment. Edited by Robert N. Stavins. New York, NY: W.W. Norton & Company, 2005. ISBN: 9780393927016. Related Reading Lofdahl, Corey L. Environmental Impacts of Globalization and Trade: A Systems Study. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2002, chapter 2. ISBN: 9780262122450. Redclift, Michael. "Sustainability and Sociology: Northern Preoccupations." Chapter 4 in Sustainability and the Social Sciences: A Cross-Disciplinary Approach to Integrating Environmental Considerations into Theoretical Reorientation. Edited by Egon Becker and Thomas Jahn. London, UK: Zed Books, 2000. ISBN: 9781856497084. Allenby, Braden R. Industrial Ecology: Policy Framework and Implementation. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1998, chapters 1 and 2. ISBN: 9780139211805. Essential Reading Tainter, Joseph A. The Collapse of Complex Societies. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1988, chapter 3. ISBN: 9780521340922.
4	New Thinking and the Knowledge Economy	Required Reading Choucri, Nazli. "The Political Logic of Sustainability." Chapter 8 in Sustainability and the Social Sciences: A Cross-Disciplinary Approach to Integrating Environmental Considerations into Theoretical Reorientation. Edited by Egon Becker and Thomas Jahn. London, UK: Zed Books, 2000. ISBN: 9781856497084. Drucker, Peter F. "From Capitalism to Knowledge Society." Chapter 2 in The Knowledge Economy. Edited by Dale Neef. Oxford, UK: Butterworth-Heinemann, 1997. ISBN: 9780750699365. Rosecrance, Richard. "The Rise of the Virtual State." Chapter 3 in The Knowledge Economy. Edited by Dale Neef. Oxford, UK: Butterworth-Heinemann, 1997. ISBN: 9780750699365. Landes, David S. "Homo Faber, Homo Sapiens: Knowledge, Technology, Growth, and Development." Chapter 5 in The Knowledge Economy. Edited by Dale Neef. Oxford, UK: Butterworth-Heinemann, 1997. ISBN: 9780750699365. Stevens, Candice. "The Knowledge-Driven Economy." Chapter 7 in The Knowledge Economy. Edited by Dale Neef. Oxford, UK: Butterworth-Heinemann, 1997. ISBN: 9780750699365. Related Reading Allenby, Braden R. Industrial Ecology: Policy Framework and Implementation. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1998, chapter 4. ISBN: 9780139211805. World Bank Annual Report. World Development Report: Knowledge for Development. New York, NY: Oxford University Press, 1998-1999, pp. 1-70. Essential Reading Tainter, Joseph A. The Collapse of Complex Societies. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1988, chapter 4. ISBN: 9780521340922. Allenby, Braden R. Industrial Ecology: Policy Framework and Implementation. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1998, chapter 9. ISBN: 9780139211805.
Part II. Actors, Processes and Institutions
5	Critical Drivers, Social Mechanisms and Cognitive Factors	Required Reading Holdren, John P., and R. K. Pachauri. "Energy." In An Agenda of Science for Environment and Development into the 21st Century by the International Council of Scientific Unions. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1992, pp. 103-111. Choucri, Nazli. "Population and the Global Environment." In Energy and the Environment in the 21st Century. Edited by Jefferson W. Tester, David O. Wood, and Nancy A. Ferrari. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1991, pp. 91-101. ISBN: 9780262200783. Demeny, Paul. "Population and the Invisible Hand." Demography 23, no. 4 (1986): 473-487. Reprinted in: Kingsley, David, Mikhail S. Bernstam, and Helen M. Sellers, eds. Population and Resources in a Changing World. Stanford, CA: Stanford University, Morrison Institute for Population and Resource Studies, 1989, pp. 1-15. Daly, Herman E. "Review of National Resource Council, Population Growth and Economic Development: Policy Questions, Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press, 1986." Population and Development Review 12, no. 3 (1986): 582-585. Reprinted with permission of: Kingsley, David, Mikhail S. Bernstam, and Helen M. Sellers, eds. Population Council in Population and Resources in a Changing World. Stanford, CA: Stanford University, Morrison Institute for Population and Resource Studies, 1989, pp. 39-42. Related Reading Eichler, Margrit. "Sustainability from a Feminist Sociological Perspective: A Framework for Disciplinary Reorientation." Chapter 10 in Sustainability and the Social Sciences: A Cross-Disciplinary Approach to Integrating Environmental Considerations into Theoretical Reorientation. Edited by Egon Becker and Thomas Jahn. London, UK: Zed Books, 2000. ISBN: 9781856497084. Essential Reading Tester, Jefferson W., et al., eds. Sustainable Energy: Choosing Among Options. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2005, chapters 1, 2, and 6. ISBN: 9780262201537.
6	Economic Performance - Production and Consumption	Required Reading Gowdy, John. "Economic concepts of Sustainability: Relocating Economic Activity within Society and Environment." Chapter 9 in Sustainability and the Social Sciences: A Cross-Disciplinary Approach to Integrating Environmental Considerations into Theoretical Reorientation. Edited by Egon Becker and Thomas Jahn. London, UK: Zed Books, 2000. ISBN: 9781856497084. Coase, Ronald. "The Problem of Social Cost." Chapter 3 in Economics of the Environment. 5th ed. Edited by Robert N. Stavins. New York, NY: W.W. Norton & Company, 2005. ISBN: 9780393927016. Paehlke, Robert. "Towards Defining, Measuring and Achieving Sustainability: Tools and Strategies for Environmental Valuation." Chapter 13 in Sustainability and the Social Sciences: A Cross-Disciplinary Approach to Integrating Environmental Considerations into Theoretical Reorientation. Edited by Egon Becker and Thomas Jahn. London, UK: Zed Books, 2000. ISBN: 9781856497084. Related Reading Lofdahl, Corey. Environmental Impacts of Globalization and Trade: A Systems Study. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2002, chapter 5. ISBN: 9780262122450. Allenby, Braden R. Industrial Ecology: Policy Framework and Implementation. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1998, chapter 6. ISBN: 9780139211805. Martinez-Alier, Juan. "The Socio-ecological Embeddedness of Economic Activity: The Emergence of a Transdisciplinary Field." Chapter 7 in Sustainability and the Social Sciences: A Cross-Disciplinary Approach to Integrating Environmental Considerations into the Theoretical Reorientation. Edited by Egon Becker and Thomas Jahn. London, UK: Zed Books, 2000. ISBN: 9781856497084. Essential Reading Rothenberg, Jerome R. "Economic Perspectives on Time Comparisons: An Evaluation of Time Discounting." In Global Accord: Environmental Challenges and International Responses. Edited by Nazli Choucri. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1995, pp. 307-332. ISBN: 9780262531344.
7	Firms and Markets - Corporate Perspectives	Required Reading Choucri, Nazli, ed. "Multinational Corporations and the Global Environment." In Global Accord: Environmental Challenges and International Responses. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1995, pp. 205-254. ISBN: 9780262531344. Allenby, Braden R. Industrial Ecology: Policy Framework and Implementation. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1998, chapters 14 and 16. ISBN: 9780139211805. Porter, Michael E., and Claas van der Linde. "Toward a New Conception of the Environment-Competitiveness Relationship." Chapter 5 in Economics of the Environment. 5th ed. Edited by Robert N. Stavins. New York, NY: W.W. Norton & Company, 2005. ISBN: 9780393927016. Bohn, Roger E. "Measuring and Managing Technological Knowledge." Chapter 10 in The Knowledge Economy. Edited by Dale Neef. Oxford, UK: Butterworth-Heinemann, 1997. ISBN: 9780750699365. Related Reading Choucri, Nazli. "Corporate Strategies toward Sustainability." In Sustainable Development and International Law. Edited by Winfried Lang. New York, NY: Springer, 1995, pp. 189-201. ISBN: 9781859661796. Arthur, W. Brian "Increasing Returns and the New World of Business." Chapter 6 in The Knowledge Economy. Edited by Dale Neef. Oxford, UK: Butterworth-Heinemann, 1997. ISBN: 9780750699365. Essential Reading Arrow, Kenneth. J., et al. "Is there a Role for Benefit-Ciost Analysis in Environment, Health and Safety." Chapter 12 in Economics of the Environment. 5th ed. Edited by Robert N. Stavins. New York, NY: W.W. Norton & Company, 2005. ISBN: 9780393927016. Kelman, Steven. "Cost-Benefit Analysis: An Ethical Critique." Chapter 14 in Economics of the Environment. Edited by Robert N. Stavins. New York, NY: W.W. Norton & Company, 2005. ISBN: 9780393927016.
8	From Sustainability 'Problems' to 'Solution' Strategies	Required Reading Pearce, David. "Sustainable Development and Developing Country Economies." In Sustainable Environmental Economics and Management: Principles and Practice. Edited by R. Kerry Turner. New York, NY: Halsted Press, 1993, pp. 71-105. ISBN: 9780470221631. Allenby, Braden R. Industrial Ecology: Policy Framework and Implementation. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1998, chapter 13. ISBN: 9780139211805. Werner, Carol M. "Psychological Perspectives on Sustainability." Chapter 12 in Sustainability and the Social Sciences: A Cross-Disciplinary Approach to Integrating Environmental Considerations into Theoretical Reorientation. Edited by Egon Becker and Thomas Jahn. London, UK: Zed Books, 2000. ISBN: 9781856497084. See Global System for Sustainable Development for specific 'matching' of 'problems' and 'solutions' by sector, issue, unit, level, context. Related Reading Acselrad, Henri. "Sustainability and Territory: Meaningful Practices and Material Transformations." Chapter 3 in Sustainability and the Social Sciences: A Cross-Disciplinary Approach to Integrating Environmental Considerations into Theoretical Reorientation. Edited by Egon Becker and Thomas Jahn. London, UK: Zed Books, 2000. ISBN: 9781856497084. Przeworski, Adam, and Fernando Limongi. "Political Regimes and Economic Growth." Journal of Economic Perspectives 7, no. 3 (1993): 51-69. Guha, Ramachandra. "From Experience to Theory: Traditions of Social-ecological Research in Modern India." Chapter 6 in Sustainability and the Social Sciences: A Cross-Disciplinary Approach to Integrating Environmental Considerations into Theoretical Reorientation. Edited by Egon Becker and Thomas Jahn. London, UK: Zed Books, 2000. ISBN: 9781856497084. Essential Reading Tainter, Joseph A. The Collapse of Complex Societies. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1988, chapters 5 and 6. ISBN: 9780521340922.
9	Regulatory and Policy Contexts	Required Reading Rothenberg, Jerome R. "Economic Perspectives on Time Comparisons: Alternative Approaches to Time Comparisons." In Global Accord: Environmental Challenges and International Responses. Edited by Nazli Choucri. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1995, pp. 355-398. ISBN: 9780262531344. Carraro, Carlo. "Climate Change Policy: Models, Controversies and Strategies." In The International Yearbook of Environmental and Resource Economics 2002/2003. Edited by Tom Tietenberg and Henk Folmer. Northampton, MA: Edward Elgar, 2002. ISBN: 9781840649499. Keohane, Nathaniel O., Richard L. Revesz, and Robert N. Stavins. "The Choice of Regulatory Instruments in Environmental Policy." Chapter 29 in Economics of the Environment. 5th ed. Edited by Robert N. Stavins. New York, NY: W.W. Norton & Company, 2005. ISBN: 9780393927016. Tietenberg, Tom H. "Economic Instruments for Environmental Regulation." Chapter 15 in Economics of the Environment. 5th ed. Edited by Robert N. Stavins. New York, NY: W.W. Norton & Company, 2005. ISBN: 9780393927016. Dasgupta, Susmita, et al. "The Choice of Regulatory Instruments in Environmental Policy." Chapter 20 in Economics of the Environment. 5th ed. Edited by Robert N. Stavins. New York, NY: W.W. Norton & Company, 2005. ISBN: 9780393927016. Related Reading Palmer, Karen, Wallace E. Oates, and Paul R. Portney. "Tightening Environmental Standards: The Benefit-Cost or the No-Cost Paradigm?" Chapter 8 in Economics of the Environment. 5th ed. Edited by Robert N. Stavins. New York, NY: W.W. Norton & Company. ISBN: 9780393927016. Smith, V. Kerry. "Nonmarket Valuation of Environmental Resources: An Interpretive Appraisal." Chapter 9 in Economics of the Environment. 5th ed. Edited by Robert N. Stavins. New York, NY: W.W. Norton & Company. ISBN: 9780393927016. Essential Reading Barzel, Yoram. Economic Analysis of Property Rights. 2nd ed. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1989, chapters 1 and 5. ISBN: 9780521364096.
Part III. Strategic Approaches to Sustainability
10	New International Institutional Contexts	Required Reading Haas, Peter M., and Jan Sundgren. "Evolving International Environmental Law: Changing Practices of National Sovereignty." In Global Accord: Environmental Challenges and International Responses. Edited by Nazli Choucri. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1995, pp. 401-429. ISBN: 9780262531344. Sands, Philippe. "International Law in the Field of Sustainable Development: Emerging Legal Principles." In Sustainable Development and International Law. Edited by Winfried Lang. New York, NY: Springer, 1995, pp. 53-66. ISBN: 9781859661796. Jacoby, Henry D., et al. "Kyoto's Unfinished Business." Chapter 24 in Economics of the Environment. 5th ed. Edited by Robert N. Stavins. New York, NY: W.W. Norton & Company, 2005. ISBN: 9780393927016. Metrick, Andrew, and Martin L. Weitzman. "Conflicts and Choices in Biodiversity Preservation." Chapter 28 in Economics of the Environment. 5th ed. Edited by Robert N. Stavins. New York, NY: W.W. Norton & Company, 2005. ISBN: 9780393927016. Choucri, Nazli. "Globalization of Eco-efficiency: GSSD on the WWW." UNEP Industry and Environment (October-November 1995): 45-49. Related Reading Ostrom, Elinor. Governing the Commons: The Evolution of Institutions for Collective Action. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press, 1990, chapter 6. ISBN: 9780521371018. Redclift, Michael. "Dance with Wolves? Sustainability and the Social Sciences." In Sustainability and the Social Sciences: A Cross-Disciplinary Approach to Integrating Environmental Considerations into Theoretical Reorientation. Edited by Egon Becker and Thomas Jahn. London, UK: Zed Books, 2000, chapter 14. ISBN: 9781856497084. Sachs, Ignacy. "Social Sustainability and Whole Development: Exploring the Dimensions of Sustainable Development." In Sustainability and the Social Sciences: A Cross-Disciplinary Approach to Integrating Environmental Considerations into Theoretical Reorientation. Edited by Egon Becker and Thomas Jahn. London, UK: Zed Books, 2000, chapter 2. ISBN: 9781856497084. Essential Reading Ostrom, Elinor, Larry Schroeder, and Susan Wynne. Institutional Incentives and Sustainable Development. Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1993, chapters 1, 3, 5, and 6. ISBN: 9780813316185.
11	International Trade and Intellectual Property Rights	Required Reading Choucri, Nazli. "Innovations in Uses of Cyberspace." Chapter 15 in Sustainability and the Social Sciences: A Cross-Disciplinary Approach to Integrating Environmental Considerations into Theoretical Reorientation. Edited by Egon Becker and Thomas Jahn. London, UK: Zed Books, 2000. ISBN: 9781856497084. Stevens, Candice. "Trade and Environment: The PPMs Debate." In Sustainable Development and International Law. Edited by Winfried Lang. New York, NY: Springer, 1995, pp. 239-247. ISBN: 9781859661796. See United Nations Commission on Sustainable Development, for information on problems and international reponses. Related Reading Røpke, Inge. "Trade, Development and Sustainability - a Critical Assessment of the 'Free Trade Dogma'." Ecological Economics 9 (1994): 13-22. Goldman, Patti A. "Resolving the Trade and Environment Debate: In Search of a Neutral Forum and Neutral Principles." Washington and Lee Law Review 49 (1994): 1279. Davis, Stan, and Jim Botkin. "The Coming of Knowledge-Based Business." Chapter 11 in The Knowledge Economy. Edited by Dale Neef. Oxford, UK: Butterworth-Heineman, 1997. ISBN: 9780750699365. Essential Reading Frankel, Jeffrey A. "The Environment and Globalization." Chapter 19 in Economics of the Environment. 5th ed. Edited by Robert N. Stavins. New York, NY: W.W. Norton & Company, 2005. ISBN: 9780393927016.
12	Global Accord - Next Rounds	Required Reading Allenby, Braden R. Industrial Ecology: Policy Framework and Implementation. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1998, chapter 12. ISBN: 9780139211805. Sand, Peter H. "Trusts for the Earth: New International Financial Mechanisms for Sustainable Development." In Sustainable Development and International Law. Edited by Winfried Lang. New York, NY: Springer, 1995, pp. 167-184. ISBN: 9781859661796. Dolsak, Nives, and Elinor Ostrom. The Commons in the New Millennium: Challenges and Adaptation. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2003, chapter 1. ISBN: 9780262042147. Related Reading Harvard Law Review, eds. Trends in International Environmental Law. Chicago, IL: American Bar Association, 1992. ISBN: 9780897077538. Brewer, Garry. "Environmental Challenges and Managerial Responses." In Global Accord: Environmental Challenges and International Responses. Edited by Nazli Choucri. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1995, pp. 281-303. ISBN: 9780262531344. Essential Reading Weiss, Edith Brown. "Intergenerational Equity: Toward an International Legal Framework." In Global Accord: Environmental Challenges and International Responses. Edited by Nazli Choucri. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1995, pp. 333-53. ISBN: 9780262531344.