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Abstract/Syllabus:
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Newman, Dava, 16.423J Aerospace Biomedical and Life Support Engineering, Spring 2006. (Massachusetts Institute of Technology: MIT OpenCourseWare), http://ocw.mit.edu (Accessed 07 Jul, 2010). License: Creative Commons BY-NC-SA
Aerospace Biomedical and Life Support Engineering
Spring 2006
Astronaut Carlos I. Noriega waves during the second of three STS-97 sessions of extravehicular activity. (Photo courtesy of NASA.)
Course Highlights
This course features a full set of assignments with solutions as well as the term project.
Course Description
This course introduces students to a quantitative approach to studying the problems of physiological adaptation in altered environments, especially microgravity and partial gravity environments. The course curriculum starts with an Introduction and Selected Topics, which provides background information on the physiological problems associated with human space flight, as well as reviewing terminology and key engineering concepts. Then curriculum modules on Bone Mechanics, Muscle Mechanics, Musculoskeletal Dynamics and Control, and the Cardiovascular System are presented. These modules start out with qualitative and biological information regarding the system and its adaptation, and progresses to a quantitative endpoint in which engineering methods are used to analyze specific problems and countermeasures. Additional course curriculum focuses on interdisciplinary topics, suggestions include extravehicular activity and life support. The final module consists of student term project work.
Technical Requirements
Special software is required to use some of the files in this course: .m, .mdl, and .zip.
Syllabus
Description
This course introduces students to a quantitative approach to studying the problems of physiological adaptation in altered environments, especially microgravity and partial gravity environments. The course curriculum starts with an Introduction and Selected Topics, which provides background information on the physiological problems associated with human space flight, as well as reviewing terminology and key engineering concepts. Then curriculum modules on Bone Mechanics, Muscle Mechanics, Musculoskeletal Dynamics and Control, and the Cardiovascular System are presented. These modules start out with qualitative and biological information regarding the system and its adaptation, and progresses to a quantitative endpoint in which engineering methods are used to analyze specific problems and countermeasures. Additional course curriculum focuses on interdisciplinary topics, suggestions include extravehicular activity and life support. The final module consists of student term project work.
Learning Objectives
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To apply engineering methods to the study of astronaut adaptation to reduced gravity environments.
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To use analytical techniques, such as structural idealizations, control theory, electrical circuit, and mechanical system analogs to model astronaut performance.
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To enable quantitative assessment of the effectiveness of countermeasures.
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To consider the socio-political implications for advanced technological R&D (e.g., space policy, health policy, international collaboration).
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To teach, perform outreach, and demonstrate mastery of a chosen engineering concept.
Measurable Outcomes and Assessment
Students graduating from 16.423J/HST.515J will be able to:
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Explain the short-term and long-term physiological consequences of space flight.
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Use analytical techniques such as structural idealizations, control theory, electrical circuit and mechanical system analogs to model astronaut performance.
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Calculate the stress and strain state in a human bone such as the proximal femur.
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Use a mechanical model including springs, dashpots and concentrated masses to simulate muscle groups.
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Derive and the equations of motion for a multibody dynamic system and understand applications of the theory.
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Select control laws and evaluate control parameters applied to space biomedical engineering.
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Use a resistance-capacitance model to evaluate changes in the cardiovascular system.
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Formulate multidisciplinary engineering-based models for physiological systems and identify the assumptions and limitations.
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Communicate a scientific or technological research problem to policy/decision makers.
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Teach younger students engineering concepts.
Calendar
Course calendar.
ses # |
Topics |
Key Dates |
1 |
Introduction |
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2 |
Humans in Space |
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3 |
Exploration in Extreme Environments |
Assignment 1 out |
4 |
Bone Changes in Space |
Assignment 2 out |
5 |
Muscle Mechanisms I |
Assignment 3 out |
6 |
Muscle Mechanisms II |
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7 |
Motor Control Optimization |
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8 |
Quiz 1 |
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9 |
Musculoskeletal Dynamics and Control |
Assignment 4 out |
10 |
Cardiovascular System |
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11 |
Cardiovascular Control |
Assignment 5 out |
12 |
Cardiovascular Simulation |
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13 |
Countermeasures and Artificial Gravity |
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14 |
Extravehicular Activity (EVA) |
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15 |
EVA II: Research |
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16 |
Teaching and Outreach I |
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17 |
Teaching and Outreach II |
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Further Reading:
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Readings
This section contains documents that could not be made accessible to screen reader software. A "#" symbol is used to denote such documents.
Course readings.
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SES #
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TOPICS
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READINGS
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1
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Introduction
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"Human Anatomy Manual: The Skeleton." Gatesville, TX: Medical Plastics Laboratory, Inc., 1997.
Beckers, Frank, Bart Verheyden, Andre E. Aubert. "Space Physiology." Wiley Encyclopedia of Biomedical Engineering. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley and Sons, Inc., 2006. ISBN: 9780471740377 .
National Academies Committee on Science, Engineering, and Public Policy. "Rising above the Gathering Storm: Energizing and Employing America for a Brighter Economic Future." Washington, DC: The National Academies Press, 2006.
Markoff, John. "Behind Bush's New Stress on Science, Lobbying by Republican Executives." The New York Times, February 2nd, 2006.
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2
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Humans in Space
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"Space Science and Exploration: Research and Development Funding in the President's 2007 Budget." Office of Science and Technology Policy, Executive Office of the President, Washington, DC, 2006.
"Math and Science Eduction: American Competitiveness Initiative Education Funding in the President's 2007 Budget." Office of Science and Technology Policy, Executive Office of the President, Washington, DC, 2006.
2007 US Federal R&D Budget Facts.
"NASA's Exploration Systems Architecture Study." Executive Summary.
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3
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Exploration in Extreme Environments
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Stuster, J. "Bold Endeavors: Behavioral Lessons from Polar and Space Exploration." Gravitational and Space Biology Bulletin 13, no. 2 (June 2000).
Stuster, J., C. Bachelard, and P. Suedfeld. "The Relative Importance of Behavioral Issues during Long-duration ICE Missions." Aviat. Space Env. Med. (September 2000): A17-A25.
Brubakk, A. "Man in Extreme Environments." Aviat. Space Env. Med. (September 2000): A126-A130.
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4
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Bone Changes in Space
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Schaffner, Grant. "Bone Changes in Weightlessness."
Beck, T. J., C. B. Ruff, et al. "Predicting Femoral Neck Strength from Bone Mineral Data: A Structural Approach." Investigative Radiology 25, no. 1 (1990): 6-18.
Beck, T. J., F. A. Mourtada, et al. "Experimental Testing of a DEXA-Derived Curved Beam Model of the Proximal Femur." Journal of Orthopaedic Research 16, no. 3 (1998): 394-398.
Gibson, Lorna. "Biomechanics of Cellular Solids." Journal of Biomechanics 38, no. 3 (2005): 377-399.
Frost, H.M. "Why Do Marathon Runners Have Less Bone than Weight Lifters? A Vital-Biomechanical View and Explanation." Bone 20, no. 3 (1997): 183-189.
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5
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Muscle Mechanisms I
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Shenkman, Boris S., and Inessa B. Kozlovskaya. "Results of Studies of the Effects of Space Flight Factors of Human Physiological Systems and Psychological Status, and Suggestions of Future Collaborative Activities between the NSBRI and the IBMP." Section 3: Muscles. State Research Center of Russian Federation Institute for Biomedical Problems Report, Moscow, 2000.
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6
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Muscle Mechanisms II
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7
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Motor Control Optimization
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8
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Quiz 1
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9
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Musculoskeletal Dynamics and Control
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Bizzi, E., W. Chapple, and N. Hogan. "Mechanical Properties of Muscles: Implications for Motor Control." Trends in Neurosciences 5, no. 11 (1982): 395-398.
Flash, T., and N. Hogan. "The Coordination of Arm Movements: An Experimentally Confirmed Mathematical Model." Journal of Neuroscience 5, no. 7 (1985): 1688-1703.
Flash, T. "The Control of Hand Equilibrium Trajectories in Multi-joint Arm Movements." Biological Cybernetics 57 (1987): 257-274.
Gribble, P. L., D.J. Ostry, V. Sanguineti, and R. Laboissiere. "Are Complex Control Signals Required for Human Arm Movement?" Journal of Neurophysiology 79 (1998): 1409-1424.
Gomi, Hiroaki, and Mitsuo Kawato. "Equilibrium-Point Control Hypothesis Examined by Measured Arm Stiffness during Multijoint Movement." Science 272, no. 5258 (1996): 117-120.
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10
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Cardiovascular System
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Fritsch-Yelle, Janice M., Urs A. Leuenberger, Dominick S. D'Aunno, Alfred C. Rossum, Troy E. Brown, Margie L. Wood, Mark E. Josephson, and Ary L. Goldberger. "An Episode of Ventricular Tachycardia during Long-Duration Spaceflight." The American Journal of Cardiology 81 (1998): 1391-1392.
Kirsch, K.A., L. Rocke, O.H. Gauer, R. Krause, C. Leach, H.J. Wicke, and R. Landry. "Venous Pressure in Man during Weightlessness." Science 225, no. 4658 (1984): 218-219.
Aubert, A.E., F. Beckers, and B. Verheyden. "Cardiovascular Function and Basics of Physiology in Microgravity." Acta Cardiol 60, no. 2 (2005): 129-151.
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11
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Cardiovascular Control
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12
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Cardiovascular Simulation
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Heldt, Shim, and Mark Kamm. "Computational Modeling of Cardiovascular Response to Orthostatic Stress." Journal of Applied Physics 92 (2002): 1239-1254.
Convertino, V.A., and W.H. Cooke. "Evaluation of Cardiovascular Risks of Spaceflight Does Not Support the Bioastronautics Critical Path Roadmap." Aviat. Space Environ. Med. 76, no. 9 (2005): 869-76.
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13
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Countermeasures and Artificial Gravity
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Diamandis, Peter H. "Countermeasures and Artificial Gravity." Chapter 12 in Fundamentals of Space Life Sciences. Edited by Susanne Churchill. Malabar, FL: Krieger Publishing Co., 1997. ISBN: 9780894640513 .
Stone, Ralph W., Jr. "An Overview of Artificial Gravity." Fifth Symposium on the Role of the Vestibular Organs in Space Exploration, Pensacola, Florida, August 19-21, 1970, NASA SP-314, 1973, pp. 23-33.
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14
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Extravehicular Activity (EVA)
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- Newman, Dava, and Michael Barratt. "Life Support and Performance Issues for Extravehicular Activity (EVA)." Chapter 22 in Fundamentals of Life Sciences. Edited by Susanne Churchill. Malabar, FL: Krieger Publishing Co., 1997. ISBN: 9780894640513 .
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15
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EVA II: Research
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16
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Teaching and Outreach I
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NASA Education Home
NASA Lessons for K-12 Students
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17
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Teaching and Outreach II
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National Academy of Engineering
National Academy Report: Raising the Public Awareness of Engineering
Educating the Engineer of 2020: Adapting Engineering Education to the New Century (2005)
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