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Abstract/Syllabus:
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Landau, Idan, and Michel DeGraff, 24.951 Introduction to Syntax, Fall 2003. (Massachusetts Institute of Technology: MIT OpenCourseWare), http://ocw.mit.edu (Accessed 09 Jul, 2010). License: Creative Commons BY-NC-SA
Introduction to Syntax
Fall 2003

The Unaccusative Hypothesis claims that unaccusatives are derived by NP-movement from the object position, whereas the subject of unergatives is underived. (Image courtesy of Prof. Idan Landau.)
Course Highlights
This course features a complete set of lecture notes and many downloadable assignments.
Course Description
This course is concerned with the concepts and principles which have been of central significance in the recent development of syntactic theory, with special focus on the "Government and Binding" (GB) / "Principles and Parameters" (P&P) / "Minimalist Program" (MP) approach.
It is the first of a series of two courses (24.951 is taught during the Fall and 24.952 is taught in the Spring). This course deals mostly with phrase structure, argument structure and its syntactic expression, including "A-movement". Though other issues (e.g. wh-movement, antecedent-contained deletion, extraposition) may be mentioned during the semester, the course will not systematically investigate these topics in class until 24.952.
The goal of the course is to understand why certain problems have been treated in certain ways. Thus, on many occasions a variety of approaches will be discussed, and the (recent) historical development of these approaches are emphasized.
*Some translations represent previous versions of courses.
Syllabus
Requirements
Problem Sets
They will be assigned almost every week, and will range from mechanical exercises to critiques of the literature to empirical problems that the instructors would like to have solved but can't manage by ourselves. Please discuss the problem sets among yourselves, argue about them, work on them together, etc. Do write the problems up on your own, however. Please do not hesitate to ask the instructors, in person or via e-mail, for assistance. Problem sets will be due on the Friday of the week after they are assigned.
Presentations
Two of the topics have been designated for student presentations. These all involve debates. The presentations (a total of four of them) will be done in small groups whose exact numbers will depend on enrollment. We will discuss this more in class.
Squib
A short paper on a topic from the class will be due on the last class day. This paper can be quite short. It can be on any topic that captures your imagination (either positively or negatively!) during the course. It may include your own empirical or theoretical observations (see the journal _Snippets_ for examples of such writing) and/or your own thoughts about papers we have discussed in class. Please let the instructors know what you are planning to write about beforehand. We encourage you to make appointments with us to discuss your topic.
Readings
We have cut back the amount of required reading for this course over the last few years; then added more readings; then, cut back again — the "right amount" is still a mystery. You need time to think as well as time to absorb, and we hope that the current reading load this semester will give you that time.
This means, however, that you should attend all classes, no matter what. Nothing you could read will replace what goes on in class.
When you read the assignments, do not expect to understand everything you read. When you get stuck, try skipping over the trouble spot to get what you can out of the readings. At all times, if you need help, ask the instructors or your fellow students.
Background
This is an introductory course taught at an advanced level. We assume that all the students in it have some background in generative syntax. The nature and extent of that background will differ from student to student, of course. Please do not hesitate to ask the instructors for more help if at any time you feel you need some background filled in. Also (and this is important!) do not hesitate to ask questions in class, even if the question is "could you explain that again".
Calendar
LEC # |
TOPICS |
KEY DATES |
1 |
Introduction: "The Case for Syntax" |
|
2 |
Phrase Structure |
|
3 |
Phrase Structure (cont.) |
|
4 |
Binding Theory |
Problem set 1 out |
5 |
A-Movement |
|
6 |
A-Movement (cont.) |
Problem set 2 out
Problem set 1 due |
7 |
Passives |
|
8 |
Unaccusativity |
Problem set 2 due |
9 |
Unaccusativity (cont.) |
|
10 |
Unaccusativity (cont.) |
Problem set 3 out |
11 |
Relational Grammar and Lexical-Functional Grammar |
|
12 |
Relational Grammar and Lexical-Functional Grammar (cont.) |
Problem set 4: LFG Exercises out
Problem set 3 due
|
13 |
Case and Licensing |
|
14 |
Case and Licensing (cont.) |
Problem set 5 out
Problem set 4: LFG Exercises due
|
15 |
Null Subjects (PRO) |
|
16 |
Control (PRO) |
|
17 |
Control (PRO) (cont.) |
|
18 |
Head Movement |
Problem set 6 out
Problem set 5 due |
19 |
Student Presentations |
|
20 |
Student Presentations (cont.) |
Problem set 6 due |
21 |
Nonconfigurationality |
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22 |
Double Objects |
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23 |
Student Presentations |
|
24 |
Psych Verbs |
Problem set 7 out |
25 |
Psych Verbs (cont.) |
|
26 |
Minimalism |
Problem set 7 due |
27 |
Minimalism (cont.) |
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28 |
Minimalism (cont.) |
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Further Reading:
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Readings
LEC # |
TOPICS |
READINGS |
1 |
Introduction: "The Case for Syntax" |
|
2 |
Phrase Structure |
Fukui, Naoki. "Phrase Structure." In The Handbook of Contemporary Syntactic Theory. Edited by M. Baltin, and C. Collins. Malden: Blackwell, 2001, pp. 374-406. ISBN: 0631205071. |
3 |
Phrase Structure (cont.) |
Kayne, Richard. The Antisymmetry of Syntax. Cambridge MA: MIT Press, 1994. ISBN: 0262611074. (Excerpt: pp. 3-36.) |
4 |
Binding Theory |
Lasnik, Howard. "A Selective History of Modern Binding Theory." In Essays on Anaphora. Edited by H. Lasnik. Dordrecht: Kluwer, 1989, pp. 1-37. ISBN: 1556080913. |
5 |
A-Movement |
Baltin, Mark. "A-Movements." In The Handbook of Contemporary Syntactic Theory . |
6 |
A-Movement (cont.) |
Lebeaux, David. Where Does the Binding Theory Apply? NEC Research Institute Technical Report, 1998. (Excerpt: pp. 1-37.) |
7 |
Passives |
Baker, Mark, Kyle Johnson, and Ian Roberts. "Passive Arguments Raised." Linguistic Inquiry 20 (1989): 219-25. |
8 |
Unaccusativity |
Levin, Beth, and Malka Rappaport. Unaccusativity at the Syntax-Lexical Semantics Interface. Cambridge MA: MIT Press, 1995. ISBN: 0262620944. (Excerpt: pp. 34-81.) |
9 |
Unaccusativity (cont.) |
Baker, Mark. "Thematic Roles and Syntactic Structure." In Elements of Grammar. Edited by L. Haegeman. Dordrecht: Kluwer, 1997, pp. 73-137. ISBN: 0792342976. |
10 |
Unaccusativity (cont.) |
Friedmann, Naama et al. "The Vase Fell (The Vase). The Online Processing of Unaccusatives." To appear in Linguistic Inquiry (Journal published by MIT Press). |
11 |
Relational Grammar and Lexical-Functional Grammar |
Perlmutter, David, and Paul Postal. "The 1-Advancement Exclusiveness Law." In Studies in Relational Grammar. Vol. 2. Edited by D. Perlmutter, and S. Rosen. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1984, pp. 81-125. ISBN: 0226660508. |
12 |
Relational Grammar and Lexical-Functional Grammar (cont.) |
Bresnan, Joan, and Annie Zaenen. "Deep Unaccusativity in LFG." In Grammatical Relations. A Cross-Theoretical Perspective. Edited by K. Dziwirek, P. Farrell, and E. Mejias-Bikandi. Stanford, CA: CSLI Publications, 1990, pp. 45-57. ISBN: 0937073636.Bresnan, Joan. "Monotonicity and the Theory of Relation-Changes in LFG." Language Research 26, no. 4 (1990): 637-652. |
13 |
Case and Licensing |
Marantz, Alec. "Case and Licensing." In Arguments and Case: Explaining Burzio's Generalization. Edited by E. Reuland. Amsterdam: Joan Benjamins Publishing Company, 2000, pp. 11-30. ISBN: 15561998X. |
14 |
Case and Licensing (cont.) |
Yoon, James. "Ambiguity of Government and the Chain Condition." Natural Language and Linguistic Theory 14 (1996): 105-162. |
15 |
Null Subjects (PRO) |
Jaeggli, Osvaldo, and Ken Safir. "The Null Subject Parameter and Parametric Theory." In The Null Subject Parameter. Edited by O. Jaeggli, and K. Safir. Dordrecht: Kluwer. 1989, pp. 1-45. ISBN: 1556080875.Iatridou, Sabine, and David Embick. "Apropos PRO." Language 73, no. 1 (1997): 58-78. |
16 |
Control (PRO) |
Lebeaux, David. "Anaphoric Binding and the Definition of PRO." NELS 14 (1984): 253-274. Landau, Idan. Elements of Control: Structure and Meaning in Infinitival Constructions. Dordrecht: Kluwer, 2000. ISBN: 0792366204. (Excerpt: pp. 1-25.) |
17 |
Control (PRO) (cont.) |
Hornstein, Norbert. "Movement and Control." Linguistic Inquiry 30, no. 1 (1999): 69-96.Landau, Idan. "Movement Out of Control." Linguistic Inquiry 34, no. 3 (2003): 471-498. |
18 |
Head Movement |
Roberts, Ian. "Head Movement." In The Handbook of Contemporary Syntactic Theory . pp. 113-147. |
19 |
Student Presentations |
Baker, Mark. Incorporation: A Theory of Grammatical Function Changing. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1988. ISBN: 0226035425. (Excerpt: Chapter 2, pp. 24-75.)Rosen, Sara. "Two Types of Noun Incorporation: A Lexical Analysis." Language 65 (1989): 294-317. |
20 |
Student Presentations (cont.) |
DeGraff, Michel. "Verb Syntax in, and Beyond, Creolization." In The New Comparative Syntax . pp. 64-94.Bobaljik, Jonathan. "Realizing Germanic Inflection: Why Morphology Does Not Drive Syntax?" (M.S., 32 pages) 2002. To appear in Journal of Comparative Germanic Linguistics. |
21 |
Nonconfigurationality |
Baker, Mark. "The Natures of Nonconfirurationality." In The Handbook of Contemporary Syntactic Theory . pp. 407-438. |
22 |
Double Objects |
Larson, Richard. "On the Double Object Construction." Linguistic Inquiry 18 (1988): 335-392.Aoun, Joseph, and Audrey Li. "Scope and Constituency." Linguistic Inquiry 20 (1989): 141-72. |
23 |
Student Presentations |
Jackendoff, Ray. "On Larson's Treatment of the Double Object Construction." Linguistic Inquiry 21 (1990): 427-56.Larson, Richard. "Double Object Revisited: Reply to Jackendoff." Linguistic Inquiry 21 (1990): 589-632. |
24 |
Psych Verbs |
Belletti, Adriana, and Luigi Rizzi. "Psych-verbs and Theta-theory." Natural Language and Linguistic Theory 6 (1988): 291-352. |
25 |
Psych Verbs (cont.) |
Pesetsky, David. Zero Syntax. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1995. ISBN: 0262161451. (Excerpt: Chapter 2.) |
26 |
Minimalism |
Marantz, Alec. "Reader's Guide to the Minimalist Program." In Government and Binding and the Minimalist Program. Edited by G. Webelhuth. Malden: Blackwell, 1994, 349-382. ISBN: 0631180613. Chomsky, Noam. "A Minimalist Program for Linguistic Theory." In The View from Building 20. Edited by K. Hale, and S. J. Keyser. Cambridge: MIT Press, 1993, pp. 1-52. ISBN: 0262581248. (Reprinted in Chomsky. Chapter 3 in The Minimalist Program. Cambridge: Distributed by MIT Working Papers in Linguistics, 1995.) |
27 |
Minimalism (cont.) |
Chomsky, Noam. The Minimalist Program . (Excerpt from Chapter 4.) |
28 |
Minimalism (cont.) |
Chomsky, Noam. "Minimalist Inquiries: The Framework." In Step by Step. Edited by R. Martin, D. Michaels, and J. Uriagereka. Cambridge: MIT Press, 2000, pp. 89-155. ISBN: 026213361X. (Excerpts)———. "Derivation by Phase" (Excerpts). In Ken Hale: A Life in Language. pp.1-52.Frampton, John et al. "Remarks on 'Derivation by Phase': Feature Valuation, Agreement, and Intervention." (M.S., 8 pages) 2000. |
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